According to Otto of Freising, the duke berated his brother, Conrad III, for permitting his son to go. Frederick's father strongly objected to his son's crusade. His uncle, King Conrad III, had taken the crusader vow in public on 28 December 1146. In early 1147, Frederick joined the Second Crusade. Later on, he took part in the Hoftage during the reign of his uncle, King Conrad III, in 1141 in Strasbourg, 1142 in Konstanz, 1143 in Ulm, 1144 in Würzburg and 1145 in Worms. ![]() He learned to ride, hunt and use weapons, but could neither read nor write, and was also unable to speak the Latin language. Modern researchers, while exploring the legacy of Frederick, attempt to uncover the legends and reconstruct the true historical figure-these efforts result in new perspectives on both the emperor as a person and social developments associated with him.įrederick was born in mid-December 1122 in Haguenau, to Frederick II, Duke of Swabia and Judith of Bavaria. His contributions to Central European society and culture include the reestablishment of the Corpus Juris Civilis, or the Roman rule of law, which counterbalanced the papal power that dominated the German states since the conclusion of the Investiture controversy.ĭue to his popularity and notoriety, in the 19th and early 20th centuries, he was used as a political symbol by many movements and regimes: the Risorgimento, the Wilhelmine government in Germany (especially under Emperor Wilhelm I) and the Nazi movement, resulting in both golden and dark legends. He combined qualities that made him appear almost superhuman to his contemporaries: his longevity, his ambition, his extraordinary skills at organization, his battlefield acumen and his political perspicacity. Historians consider him among the Holy Roman Empire's greatest medieval emperors. In 1190, Frederick drowned attempting to cross the Saleph river, leading to most of his army abandoning the Crusade before reaching Acre. Frederick, therefore, descended from the two leading families in Germany, making him an acceptable choice for the Empire's prince-electors.įrederick joined the Third Crusade and opted to travel overland to the Holy Land. He was the son of Duke Frederick II of the Hohenstaufen dynasty and Judith, daughter of Henry IX, Duke of Bavaria, from the rival House of Welf. He was named Barbarossa by the northern Italian cities which he attempted to rule: Barbarossa means "red beard" in Italian in German, he was known as Kaiser Rotbart, which in English means "Emperor Redbeard." The prevalence of the Italian nickname, even in later German usage, reflects the centrality of the Italian campaigns to his career.įrederick was by inheritance Duke of Swabia (1147–1152, as Frederick III) before his imperial election in 1152. He was later formally crowned King of Burgundy, at Arles on 30 June 1178. Two years later, the term sacrum ("holy") first appeared in a document in connection with his empire. ![]() ![]() He was crowned King of Italy on 24 April 1155 in Pavia and emperor by Pope Adrian IV on 18 June 1155 in Rome. He was elected King of Germany in Frankfurt on 4 March 1152 and crowned in Aachen on 9 March 1152. ![]() Frederick Barbarossa (December 1122 – 10 June 1190), also known as Frederick I (German: Friedrich I, Italian: Federico I), was the Holy Roman Emperor from 1155 until his death 35 years later.
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