Tuned an octave apart (as opposed to unison - both strings the same) which can happen whatever note they are tuned to. That description is reserved for having the two strings on each of the bottom two courses It's tuning is, it is true, an octave below the mandolin, but that just means that it is in the modern Tenor Instrument range.It is a Mandola because that is the family instrument. It is not and cannot be a Mandolin - it is not a small version of anything.I can feel waves of strong feeling now! What it is and isn't The slightly longer, bigger instrument is a Tenor Mandola. So, the Mandola is properly Alto, Treble, CGDA as it has always (mostly) been. Given this, it appears that what we have is a re-emergence of a Tenor instrument of the Mandola family. Previously it had only been the Bass instrument. The Tenor tuning dropped out of popularity when the Viola family range was rationalised with the Violincello taking the higher register into the Tenor range. There were three violas, for the viola, by a different route, pre-dates the Mandola: The modern Tenor range has dropped this by one tone. There was a smaller and a larger bodied and length Viola, both tuned to CGDA and called Alto and Tenor. The parallel with the violin family which the Mandola mirrored is well documented. Treble and Alto are the same range - CGDA and in the 16th c, Tenor was the same range too, but a different size.The Italians, for it was they, developed a soprano version of the Mandorla and added the typical Italian diminutive - ino hence Mandolino which became Mandolin.The original instrument of the family is the Mandore, a small treble lute which became the Mandorla so named because of its shape.Well, here are the facts, a suggestion and at the end of it all call it what you will but make sure the other person understands. Is it an Octave Mandola? an Octave Mandolin? What is the instrument that is the shape and size of a mandola, maybe a tad longer, tuned GDAE an octave below a mandolin? It is often used in traditional English and Irish music. Length it is a Mandola - tuned to octave mandolin, or by tuning, it is a mandolin, but an octave lower. There is some controversy over whether the scale length or the tuning determines the instrument name, therefore, by scale In more recent times, the Mandola is often seen re-tuned to the GDAE of mandolins, but an octave below. (image by kind permission of the Acoustic Music Company)
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According to Otto of Freising, the duke berated his brother, Conrad III, for permitting his son to go. Frederick's father strongly objected to his son's crusade. His uncle, King Conrad III, had taken the crusader vow in public on 28 December 1146. In early 1147, Frederick joined the Second Crusade. Later on, he took part in the Hoftage during the reign of his uncle, King Conrad III, in 1141 in Strasbourg, 1142 in Konstanz, 1143 in Ulm, 1144 in Würzburg and 1145 in Worms. He learned to ride, hunt and use weapons, but could neither read nor write, and was also unable to speak the Latin language. Modern researchers, while exploring the legacy of Frederick, attempt to uncover the legends and reconstruct the true historical figure-these efforts result in new perspectives on both the emperor as a person and social developments associated with him.įrederick was born in mid-December 1122 in Haguenau, to Frederick II, Duke of Swabia and Judith of Bavaria. His contributions to Central European society and culture include the reestablishment of the Corpus Juris Civilis, or the Roman rule of law, which counterbalanced the papal power that dominated the German states since the conclusion of the Investiture controversy.ĭue to his popularity and notoriety, in the 19th and early 20th centuries, he was used as a political symbol by many movements and regimes: the Risorgimento, the Wilhelmine government in Germany (especially under Emperor Wilhelm I) and the Nazi movement, resulting in both golden and dark legends. He combined qualities that made him appear almost superhuman to his contemporaries: his longevity, his ambition, his extraordinary skills at organization, his battlefield acumen and his political perspicacity. Historians consider him among the Holy Roman Empire's greatest medieval emperors. In 1190, Frederick drowned attempting to cross the Saleph river, leading to most of his army abandoning the Crusade before reaching Acre. Frederick, therefore, descended from the two leading families in Germany, making him an acceptable choice for the Empire's prince-electors.įrederick joined the Third Crusade and opted to travel overland to the Holy Land. He was the son of Duke Frederick II of the Hohenstaufen dynasty and Judith, daughter of Henry IX, Duke of Bavaria, from the rival House of Welf. He was named Barbarossa by the northern Italian cities which he attempted to rule: Barbarossa means "red beard" in Italian in German, he was known as Kaiser Rotbart, which in English means "Emperor Redbeard." The prevalence of the Italian nickname, even in later German usage, reflects the centrality of the Italian campaigns to his career.įrederick was by inheritance Duke of Swabia (1147–1152, as Frederick III) before his imperial election in 1152. He was later formally crowned King of Burgundy, at Arles on 30 June 1178. Two years later, the term sacrum ("holy") first appeared in a document in connection with his empire. He was crowned King of Italy on 24 April 1155 in Pavia and emperor by Pope Adrian IV on 18 June 1155 in Rome. He was elected King of Germany in Frankfurt on 4 March 1152 and crowned in Aachen on 9 March 1152. Frederick Barbarossa (December 1122 – 10 June 1190), also known as Frederick I (German: Friedrich I, Italian: Federico I), was the Holy Roman Emperor from 1155 until his death 35 years later. The inclusion of four USB ports on its front and a USB-C port allows the charging of six devices at a single time. It has a universal input design that allows a multitude of plug options. The EPICKA Universal USB Travel Power Adapter offers support for more than 150 countries, including the U.S., Europe, and Australia. Read on to learn about the best travel adapters.Ī travel adapter helps charge your electronic devices on the go, whether taking a short trip across the pond or hopping on a worldwide adventure. "Not knowing this, I have blown out electrical devices immediately upon plugging them into my regular adapter-including my favorite hairdryer moments before a wedding in Italy."Īfter researching available models and consulting with experts, we've dubbed the EPICKA Universal Travel Adapter our best overall pick according to supported destinations, number of USB ports, and price point. "North American devices are designed to function with a lower electrical voltage (110/120V) than devices from most other parts of the world (220/240V)," Mansel says. Lydia Mansel of Just Packed learned this the hard way. And one major heads up: The adapter may not convert electricity, which you may also need. require a plug with a top vertical prong and two bottom horizontal ones. wall outlets require a plug with two flat vertical prongs, while outlets in the U.K. Travel adapters allow an electronic device from one country to plug into a differently shaped outlet. Charging your devices in Greece or Sweden shouldn't be one of them. Travel overseas comes with its share of logistical challenges. |
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